Erisa Holguin, QUIZ Trust-Self Efficacy

Erisa Holguin; 513 words

The first article that focuses on Race and Gender Differences in Self-Efficacy, it explains how self-efficacy reflects from gender and race when able or not able to complete a task. With this research provided from the article, we were able to view how results were different for African Americans and their own gender roles. From research, it is concluded that compared to Whites, African American women will take on more independent roles than white women. Therein, with in this researched article, differences among Black individuals and White individuals were depicted as well as gender role attitudes and the backgrounds of these families which were compared to each other to seek the differences of how self-efficacy reflects these attitudes and roles. With in this research, the methods used contained the small and large classes being interviewed to get a bigger variety of answers for our results. About 20 classes were given surveys, which each focused on certain times and days during the week. Because the study focused solely on Whites and African Americans, as well as only 25 year olds and under, eliminations of surveys took place, concluding an average of 480 college students being surveyed. Surveys included perceptions on one's own self, and going into depth on people's self-efficacy, trying to reveal inner backgrounds and attitudes.

The web article, The Blacker the Berry, is one that focuses on how skin tone, or skin color, has a massive effect on the way people may feel about themselves; self esteem and self-efficacy. Focusing on African Americans, skin color of Black women is a predictor for self esteem, whereas for Black men, it is a predictor for self-efficacy and not self esteem. The article focuses on the novel The Blacker the Berry, and how it explains how stereotypes are a lot bigger for colored women than for men which results in losses and disadvantages for these women.

For the methods of this article, surveys were included, but were made sure to be offered to every Black house in the United States. The first measures for the surveys included measures on self esteem which were questions that consisted of answers of "often true" or "never true", whereas the surveys that focused on self efficacy included measures of asking African Americans questions along the lines of future plans to problems in their daily lives. From our surveys, we were able to find the results of how skin color not only has a positive effect on Black women, but Black men as well. We concluded that self-efficacy actually stems from challenges and how much you are trying to succeed, whereas self esteem stems from self feeling and how one feels about themselves.

When focusing on Black women, self efficacy and self esteem both stem from how one looks and presents themselves, and from this we can conclude that no matter your race, how confident and smarter you are, looks have always been a big factor that reflects from self esteem and for self efficacy, not only is it just looks but it stems from family and other close sources.

Walker SMith Prejudice quiz

Walker Smith

Words 539

Prejudice quiz

Prejudice, whether we like it or not is in all of us. The temptation to pre judge a person is built into all of us being that we are human. However when prejudice comes to race it can manifest in many cruel and unfair ways. In the two articles I chose Impact of Poverty on Undocumented Immigrants in South Florida and Re-thinking the decline in trust: A comparison of black and white Americans, You can see a clear connection between population of a race and accepting of new races immigrants

In the article Impact of Poverty on Undocumented Immigrants in South Florida, it talks about how immigrants from nearby countries immigrate and raise the level of poverty due to either lack of jobs or lack of opportunity. It shows a clear statistical connection between local prejudices and immigrant poverty. As more immigrants showed up the poverty rose and so did more prejudice survey answers show up based on the immigrants. This shows that just based off of circumstance people will become prejudice towards an entire race of people and assume that the circumstance defines them.

In the article Re-thinking the decline in trust: A comparison of black and white Americans it shows a significant statistical analysis between the population of a race vs. another, and the level of trust and comfortability that the race has towards the other. In the statistics it shows that in more white neighborhoods black people aren't trusted as much as they would in a black neighborhood. This also works vice versa meaning that a black neighborhood wouldn't trust whites in the neighborhood as much as blacks. This is another example of people being prejudice. Anything out of the norm makes people feel uncomfortable and if someone is different in your neighborhood statistically you're likely to immediately assume the worst based off a of a prejudice of their race.

In both of these articles you can see why people are prejudice towards immigrants or some race different than they are. People are afraid of leaving their comfort zone and if anyone threatens it they immediately assume the worst if that person. This is called being prejudice, it can work in any race and its when one pre judges the other based off of circumstances of others. For example in the first article Cuban immigrants were raising the poverty level in Florida by eight percent. This immediately caused locals to assume and pre judge that all Cubans caused poverty due to numerous reasons that aren't true across the board.

In conclusion prejudice affects how fairly we are to other races and people. It affects how much opportunity and trust we allocate towards certain people. In the second article it talks about the levels of trust towards other races and it proved that the percentage of one race vs. the other mattered. People will forever have prejudices due to the fact that were human but maybe one day the prejudice for race will disappear. As long as people are afraid of the unknown they will always assume the worst of an individual and will judge them based off of the worst circumstances that have happened to part of their race or other individuals.

Kyle Howeth

Kyle Howeth

Word Count: 358

Sociology 111

MW 1:00-1:50pm

Trust/Self Efficacy Quiz

            The replication study done by Koen Deconinck and Marijke Verpoorten concluded the same results as the study that they were attempting to replicate. It was found that slave trade was a significant factor in the amount of trust within Africa. Those of ethnic groups that experienced higher levels of slave trade showed to be less trusting. To be able to identify this, the original researchers had to link the intensity of slave trade to the 2005 Afrobarometer. The original study then linked the factors of trust to slave exports, slave exports/area, slave exports/ historic population etc. They also used control variables such as individual controls, district controls, country fixed effects, and historical characteristics of ethnicities. The replication study set out to simply repeat the already existing study. The major difference in the replication study was the addition of 2 new countries and multiple new ethnicities. The new study used the 2008 Afrobarometer in place of the 2005 version used in the original study. The study found that there was a significance of roughly 10% for the effect of slave exportation on the trust of relatives, trust of people you know, trust of local council, and the trust of other people of the same nationality.

            The study done by Tom Buchanan and Nikesha Selmon set out to discover if race was linked to self-efficacy as well as sex role liberalism. The sample used was a convenience sample of 486 college students, all from the same university. The sample was made up of 20.8% of African America females, 9.7% African American male, 44.0% white female, and 25.5% white male. The study was conducted by way of survey. The answers for both self-efficacy and sex role liberalism were measured by way of a 5 point Likert scale. The study found that there was no significance of self-efficacy between race. It was also found that that African American females show higher self-efficacy than African American males, as well as white males show higher self-efficacy than white females. Females overall show a higher average of sex role liberalism, and African Americans are also significantly higher on sex role liberalism in comparison to whites.

Jennifer Toschi (Why Whites Favor Spending More Money to Fight Crime: The Role of Racial Prejudice)

This article brings to light how in recent years the approach to stopping crime has changed drastically. Instead of solving the issue with preventative measures or rehabilitation. The United States has turned to harsher punishments and longer prison sentences. This, in turn, has created a new problem of over crowded jails and prisons and harder life adjustments to released prisoners. Data from the General Social Survey is used as evidence that the public's opinion toward how their local government deals with criminals is too soft and not enough money is spent. This brings us to the main focus of this article which is how racial prejudices influences how much money different ethnicities feel should be spent on fighting crime. 

This study basis it's information from the conflict tradition developed by Max Weber and Karl Marx which basically states that people how have power will use whatever they can to gain more power and privilege even if it means going against the good of the ones below them. 

This study used survey results from the 2000 General Social Survey for their method but their number of respondents was smaller because of their distinct variables that they had to meet. 

The findings show that their hypothesis that an increase in belief that blacks are prone to more violence correlated with supporting more spending to reduce crime was correct and also that it was due to racial prejudices because when whites felt that other white were more prone to violence it did not increase the likelihood of supporting more spending to reduce crime. Furthermore, when whites felt that Hispanic or Asian American were more prone to violence it also did not significantly increase the likelihood to support increased spending to reduce crime.  

These findings support the conflict tradition because it means that whites are using their power and privilege to support more spending on crime because they hold prejudices and when they think of criminals they think of blacks. 

Astyn Lopez

Trust/Efficacy

"Re-thinking the decline in trust: A comparison of black and white Americans" By: Rima Wilkes

The methods used in the first article when determining how race directly effects trust/efficacy were based around isolating different generations and the time periods these generations took place. As stated in the article what is being looked at are the, generation effects and period effects. A crucial factor being examined was what exactly was going on around this specific period that may have affected black and white Americans diverse levels of trust. Wilkes used 'cross-classified random effects models' to find more accurate information. Using this style of model helped Wilkes incorporate demographic factors into the topic of trust (Wilkes pg. 1600 sct. 4). Also looked at to produce our findings were age, level of education, marital status, religion and of course age and the most important race. It was found that trust appeared to rise as number in age did (Wilkes pg. 1603 sct. 5). Wilkes also did find that whites were more trusting that black Americans in the first model. In Wilkes' third model it was found that the interactions between education, age, and Southern residency were important. Overall both the first and second model indicated that the trust of white Americans was decreasing, and the responses of black Americans was quite diverse (Wilkes pg. 1603 sct. 5).

"The blacker the berry: Gender, skin tone, self-esteem, and self-efficacy." By: Maxine S. Thompson & Verna M. Keith

The methods used in my second article chosen were to examine the two main factors of one's self-esteem and efficacy, these were our dependent variables used (Thompson & Keith pg. 342). There were a little over a handful of questions to measure both our dependent variables. This article's independent variables ranged from skin tone, to sociodemographic and socioeconomic status, and finally body image. Male and female were evaluated separately to see the role that gender did play in self-image, esteem, and efficacy. What was shown in the results in tone of skin for both men and women was that those with lighter skin had high esteem and efficacy, in a sense it was viewed to be a superiority. Alas, once the factors of demographics were added in the results were altered and the levels did rise on self-efficacy (Thompson & Keith pg. 347). Although skin tone does indeed not have a noticeable effect on self-esteem for black American men, but for women it does have a noticeable effect. Skin tone can be a helpful indicator when it comes to that of self-efficacy and esteem according to these results. The study suggests that this is more of an important piece of information when observing African American women versus African American men (Thompson & Keith pg. 352).

prejudice

Karina Cardona, Words: 383

Public support for Hispanic deportation in the United States: the effects of ethnic prejudice and perceptions of economic competition in a period of economic distress. Arthur Cosby, Kristen Aanstoos, Marissa Matta, Jeremy Porter, Wesley James

Undocumented immigrants for many years have been a huge hand to boost Americans economy. Their hard work and dedications is unstoppable. Immigration laws are a dilemma due to the fact that many have conflicting views. Public's opinion toward those who are undocumented highly differs based on political parties and every grouping in the study. In a survey a fourth of the respondents chose for immigrants to be required to return home, and doubled for a SCSI survey. Undocumented are a huge portion of the populations, which would make it really difficult for them to remove each and every one. There are approximately 9 million unauthorized immigrants who are Hispanic. Many respondents who are native born are less to support temporary status than deportation. Hispanics are always supporting both options that relate to deportation. Methods used in this survey were asked before in nations opinion surveys. The data was based on ethnicity, sex, age, and education.   

Why Whites Favor Spending More Money to Fight Crime: The Role of Racial Prejudice, Steven E. Barkan, Steven F.

Crime control is a huge conflict among many people in society. The increase in police patrol, prison sentencing, repeated offenses and other crimes that occur are  not being tolerated by police officers. Many who support that those who commit the crime pay for what they did are also cutting down on what their vote is since it also affects those who are not incarcerated economically. Since many claim to much money is being spent on crime those who favor to have criminals behind bars should personally spend their money to fight crime. Whites who think blacks are more likely to commit crimes support the increase in money spent for facilities. Racially prejudiced whites fear to be victimized by a black individual in public. The random picks in the survey dropped down to 300s. Due to many variables in the survey had missing data. Public support will be the ticket to spending to reduce crime, giving the government the option of where they want to spend it in a crime reduction category.

Jessica Donnelly- Trust/Efficacy Quiz

Jessica Donnelly

Word Count: 552

The first article, Race and Gender Differences in Self-Efficacy: Assessing the Role of Gender Role Attitudes and Family Background, by Tom Buchanan and Nikesha Selmon, conducted research using data gathered from a convenience sample of approximately 486 students, in general education classes at a university in the Mid-South. Participants were asked questions regarding self-efficacy, race, and gender. These questions were given with provided answer choices, typically being a scale from 1 to 5, (1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree), or a series of yes or no responses, (e.g. African-American: yes or no). These questions tested eight hypotheses which aimed to find correlation between gender role liberalism and race and their effects on self-efficacy.

            The results of this survey are best interpreted through their level of support of each hypotheses being tested. There was no significant difference in self-efficacy levels between African-Americans and whites, which supports Hypothesis 1. Race is a contributing factor when testing for a correlation between gender and self-efficacy. This supports Hypothesis 2, which suggests differences in self-efficacy levels between male and female African-Americans and male and female whites. The results support both Hypotheses 3 and 4. It is found that liberal gender role attitudes are more common among females, and further they are more common among African-Americans than whites. The results show a positive association between sex role liberalism and self-efficacy for African-Americans and whites. This supports Hypothesis 5. The survey found African-Americans to have a similar relationship between sex role liberalism and self-efficacy, regardless of gender. Findings also showed inconsistency between white males and white females regarding sex role liberalism and self-efficacy. These findings support Hypothesis 6. Hypothesis 7 looks into the mother's employment status, which potentially influences self-efficacy. However, the findings of the survey did not support a positive relationship between mother's full time employment status and level of self-efficacy. Hypothesis 8 suggests households with a single mother family will produce lower self-efficacy among men. The findings of this survey did not offer significant support of this hypothesis. The findings of this survey offer insight into sex role attitudes, race, and their effects on self-efficacy.

The second article, Re-thinking the decline in trust: A comparison of black and white Americans, by Rima Wilke, discusses the methods and findings of a survey in the General Social Survey. This survey sought to find an explanation for the decrease in trust, focused on the differences in responses between black and white respondents. The data in focus came from data in the 1972-2008 General Social Survey. This data was used to find support for the two suggested reasons for the decrease in trust. The first reason would be the different trust levels across different generations. The second reason looks at period effects, including outside experiences and population changes as a whole. The data used to support these suggested reasons is looked at through various models, including cross-classified random effects models, and mixed models. The models considered age (classified by separate cohorts), levels of trust, period effects, and demographics.

            The findings of the first two models show a decline in trust that can be attributed to period effects. Respondents born in later cohorts tend to be less trusting. Model 3 shows a significant impact of education and race on trust. Model 4 reveals a pattern in which a decline in trust for whites is apparent, where no apparent decline is recognized for blacks. Overall the findings of these models showed variability in the responses of white Americans and little to no variability in black Americans for all variables tested.

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