Erisa Holguin, QUIZ Trust-Self Efficacy

Erisa Holguin; 513 words

The first article that focuses on Race and Gender Differences in Self-Efficacy, it explains how self-efficacy reflects from gender and race when able or not able to complete a task. With this research provided from the article, we were able to view how results were different for African Americans and their own gender roles. From research, it is concluded that compared to Whites, African American women will take on more independent roles than white women. Therein, with in this researched article, differences among Black individuals and White individuals were depicted as well as gender role attitudes and the backgrounds of these families which were compared to each other to seek the differences of how self-efficacy reflects these attitudes and roles. With in this research, the methods used contained the small and large classes being interviewed to get a bigger variety of answers for our results. About 20 classes were given surveys, which each focused on certain times and days during the week. Because the study focused solely on Whites and African Americans, as well as only 25 year olds and under, eliminations of surveys took place, concluding an average of 480 college students being surveyed. Surveys included perceptions on one's own self, and going into depth on people's self-efficacy, trying to reveal inner backgrounds and attitudes.

The web article, The Blacker the Berry, is one that focuses on how skin tone, or skin color, has a massive effect on the way people may feel about themselves; self esteem and self-efficacy. Focusing on African Americans, skin color of Black women is a predictor for self esteem, whereas for Black men, it is a predictor for self-efficacy and not self esteem. The article focuses on the novel The Blacker the Berry, and how it explains how stereotypes are a lot bigger for colored women than for men which results in losses and disadvantages for these women.

For the methods of this article, surveys were included, but were made sure to be offered to every Black house in the United States. The first measures for the surveys included measures on self esteem which were questions that consisted of answers of "often true" or "never true", whereas the surveys that focused on self efficacy included measures of asking African Americans questions along the lines of future plans to problems in their daily lives. From our surveys, we were able to find the results of how skin color not only has a positive effect on Black women, but Black men as well. We concluded that self-efficacy actually stems from challenges and how much you are trying to succeed, whereas self esteem stems from self feeling and how one feels about themselves.

When focusing on Black women, self efficacy and self esteem both stem from how one looks and presents themselves, and from this we can conclude that no matter your race, how confident and smarter you are, looks have always been a big factor that reflects from self esteem and for self efficacy, not only is it just looks but it stems from family and other close sources.

Walker SMith Prejudice quiz

Walker Smith

Words 539

Prejudice quiz

Prejudice, whether we like it or not is in all of us. The temptation to pre judge a person is built into all of us being that we are human. However when prejudice comes to race it can manifest in many cruel and unfair ways. In the two articles I chose Impact of Poverty on Undocumented Immigrants in South Florida and Re-thinking the decline in trust: A comparison of black and white Americans, You can see a clear connection between population of a race and accepting of new races immigrants

In the article Impact of Poverty on Undocumented Immigrants in South Florida, it talks about how immigrants from nearby countries immigrate and raise the level of poverty due to either lack of jobs or lack of opportunity. It shows a clear statistical connection between local prejudices and immigrant poverty. As more immigrants showed up the poverty rose and so did more prejudice survey answers show up based on the immigrants. This shows that just based off of circumstance people will become prejudice towards an entire race of people and assume that the circumstance defines them.

In the article Re-thinking the decline in trust: A comparison of black and white Americans it shows a significant statistical analysis between the population of a race vs. another, and the level of trust and comfortability that the race has towards the other. In the statistics it shows that in more white neighborhoods black people aren't trusted as much as they would in a black neighborhood. This also works vice versa meaning that a black neighborhood wouldn't trust whites in the neighborhood as much as blacks. This is another example of people being prejudice. Anything out of the norm makes people feel uncomfortable and if someone is different in your neighborhood statistically you're likely to immediately assume the worst based off a of a prejudice of their race.

In both of these articles you can see why people are prejudice towards immigrants or some race different than they are. People are afraid of leaving their comfort zone and if anyone threatens it they immediately assume the worst if that person. This is called being prejudice, it can work in any race and its when one pre judges the other based off of circumstances of others. For example in the first article Cuban immigrants were raising the poverty level in Florida by eight percent. This immediately caused locals to assume and pre judge that all Cubans caused poverty due to numerous reasons that aren't true across the board.

In conclusion prejudice affects how fairly we are to other races and people. It affects how much opportunity and trust we allocate towards certain people. In the second article it talks about the levels of trust towards other races and it proved that the percentage of one race vs. the other mattered. People will forever have prejudices due to the fact that were human but maybe one day the prejudice for race will disappear. As long as people are afraid of the unknown they will always assume the worst of an individual and will judge them based off of the worst circumstances that have happened to part of their race or other individuals.

Kyle Howeth

Kyle Howeth

Word Count: 358

Sociology 111

MW 1:00-1:50pm

Trust/Self Efficacy Quiz

            The replication study done by Koen Deconinck and Marijke Verpoorten concluded the same results as the study that they were attempting to replicate. It was found that slave trade was a significant factor in the amount of trust within Africa. Those of ethnic groups that experienced higher levels of slave trade showed to be less trusting. To be able to identify this, the original researchers had to link the intensity of slave trade to the 2005 Afrobarometer. The original study then linked the factors of trust to slave exports, slave exports/area, slave exports/ historic population etc. They also used control variables such as individual controls, district controls, country fixed effects, and historical characteristics of ethnicities. The replication study set out to simply repeat the already existing study. The major difference in the replication study was the addition of 2 new countries and multiple new ethnicities. The new study used the 2008 Afrobarometer in place of the 2005 version used in the original study. The study found that there was a significance of roughly 10% for the effect of slave exportation on the trust of relatives, trust of people you know, trust of local council, and the trust of other people of the same nationality.

            The study done by Tom Buchanan and Nikesha Selmon set out to discover if race was linked to self-efficacy as well as sex role liberalism. The sample used was a convenience sample of 486 college students, all from the same university. The sample was made up of 20.8% of African America females, 9.7% African American male, 44.0% white female, and 25.5% white male. The study was conducted by way of survey. The answers for both self-efficacy and sex role liberalism were measured by way of a 5 point Likert scale. The study found that there was no significance of self-efficacy between race. It was also found that that African American females show higher self-efficacy than African American males, as well as white males show higher self-efficacy than white females. Females overall show a higher average of sex role liberalism, and African Americans are also significantly higher on sex role liberalism in comparison to whites.

Jennifer Toschi (Why Whites Favor Spending More Money to Fight Crime: The Role of Racial Prejudice)

This article brings to light how in recent years the approach to stopping crime has changed drastically. Instead of solving the issue with preventative measures or rehabilitation. The United States has turned to harsher punishments and longer prison sentences. This, in turn, has created a new problem of over crowded jails and prisons and harder life adjustments to released prisoners. Data from the General Social Survey is used as evidence that the public's opinion toward how their local government deals with criminals is too soft and not enough money is spent. This brings us to the main focus of this article which is how racial prejudices influences how much money different ethnicities feel should be spent on fighting crime. 

This study basis it's information from the conflict tradition developed by Max Weber and Karl Marx which basically states that people how have power will use whatever they can to gain more power and privilege even if it means going against the good of the ones below them. 

This study used survey results from the 2000 General Social Survey for their method but their number of respondents was smaller because of their distinct variables that they had to meet. 

The findings show that their hypothesis that an increase in belief that blacks are prone to more violence correlated with supporting more spending to reduce crime was correct and also that it was due to racial prejudices because when whites felt that other white were more prone to violence it did not increase the likelihood of supporting more spending to reduce crime. Furthermore, when whites felt that Hispanic or Asian American were more prone to violence it also did not significantly increase the likelihood to support increased spending to reduce crime.  

These findings support the conflict tradition because it means that whites are using their power and privilege to support more spending on crime because they hold prejudices and when they think of criminals they think of blacks. 

Astyn Lopez

Trust/Efficacy

"Re-thinking the decline in trust: A comparison of black and white Americans" By: Rima Wilkes

The methods used in the first article when determining how race directly effects trust/efficacy were based around isolating different generations and the time periods these generations took place. As stated in the article what is being looked at are the, generation effects and period effects. A crucial factor being examined was what exactly was going on around this specific period that may have affected black and white Americans diverse levels of trust. Wilkes used 'cross-classified random effects models' to find more accurate information. Using this style of model helped Wilkes incorporate demographic factors into the topic of trust (Wilkes pg. 1600 sct. 4). Also looked at to produce our findings were age, level of education, marital status, religion and of course age and the most important race. It was found that trust appeared to rise as number in age did (Wilkes pg. 1603 sct. 5). Wilkes also did find that whites were more trusting that black Americans in the first model. In Wilkes' third model it was found that the interactions between education, age, and Southern residency were important. Overall both the first and second model indicated that the trust of white Americans was decreasing, and the responses of black Americans was quite diverse (Wilkes pg. 1603 sct. 5).

"The blacker the berry: Gender, skin tone, self-esteem, and self-efficacy." By: Maxine S. Thompson & Verna M. Keith

The methods used in my second article chosen were to examine the two main factors of one's self-esteem and efficacy, these were our dependent variables used (Thompson & Keith pg. 342). There were a little over a handful of questions to measure both our dependent variables. This article's independent variables ranged from skin tone, to sociodemographic and socioeconomic status, and finally body image. Male and female were evaluated separately to see the role that gender did play in self-image, esteem, and efficacy. What was shown in the results in tone of skin for both men and women was that those with lighter skin had high esteem and efficacy, in a sense it was viewed to be a superiority. Alas, once the factors of demographics were added in the results were altered and the levels did rise on self-efficacy (Thompson & Keith pg. 347). Although skin tone does indeed not have a noticeable effect on self-esteem for black American men, but for women it does have a noticeable effect. Skin tone can be a helpful indicator when it comes to that of self-efficacy and esteem according to these results. The study suggests that this is more of an important piece of information when observing African American women versus African American men (Thompson & Keith pg. 352).

prejudice

Karina Cardona, Words: 383

Public support for Hispanic deportation in the United States: the effects of ethnic prejudice and perceptions of economic competition in a period of economic distress. Arthur Cosby, Kristen Aanstoos, Marissa Matta, Jeremy Porter, Wesley James

Undocumented immigrants for many years have been a huge hand to boost Americans economy. Their hard work and dedications is unstoppable. Immigration laws are a dilemma due to the fact that many have conflicting views. Public's opinion toward those who are undocumented highly differs based on political parties and every grouping in the study. In a survey a fourth of the respondents chose for immigrants to be required to return home, and doubled for a SCSI survey. Undocumented are a huge portion of the populations, which would make it really difficult for them to remove each and every one. There are approximately 9 million unauthorized immigrants who are Hispanic. Many respondents who are native born are less to support temporary status than deportation. Hispanics are always supporting both options that relate to deportation. Methods used in this survey were asked before in nations opinion surveys. The data was based on ethnicity, sex, age, and education.   

Why Whites Favor Spending More Money to Fight Crime: The Role of Racial Prejudice, Steven E. Barkan, Steven F.

Crime control is a huge conflict among many people in society. The increase in police patrol, prison sentencing, repeated offenses and other crimes that occur are  not being tolerated by police officers. Many who support that those who commit the crime pay for what they did are also cutting down on what their vote is since it also affects those who are not incarcerated economically. Since many claim to much money is being spent on crime those who favor to have criminals behind bars should personally spend their money to fight crime. Whites who think blacks are more likely to commit crimes support the increase in money spent for facilities. Racially prejudiced whites fear to be victimized by a black individual in public. The random picks in the survey dropped down to 300s. Due to many variables in the survey had missing data. Public support will be the ticket to spending to reduce crime, giving the government the option of where they want to spend it in a crime reduction category.

Jessica Donnelly- Trust/Efficacy Quiz

Jessica Donnelly

Word Count: 552

The first article, Race and Gender Differences in Self-Efficacy: Assessing the Role of Gender Role Attitudes and Family Background, by Tom Buchanan and Nikesha Selmon, conducted research using data gathered from a convenience sample of approximately 486 students, in general education classes at a university in the Mid-South. Participants were asked questions regarding self-efficacy, race, and gender. These questions were given with provided answer choices, typically being a scale from 1 to 5, (1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree), or a series of yes or no responses, (e.g. African-American: yes or no). These questions tested eight hypotheses which aimed to find correlation between gender role liberalism and race and their effects on self-efficacy.

            The results of this survey are best interpreted through their level of support of each hypotheses being tested. There was no significant difference in self-efficacy levels between African-Americans and whites, which supports Hypothesis 1. Race is a contributing factor when testing for a correlation between gender and self-efficacy. This supports Hypothesis 2, which suggests differences in self-efficacy levels between male and female African-Americans and male and female whites. The results support both Hypotheses 3 and 4. It is found that liberal gender role attitudes are more common among females, and further they are more common among African-Americans than whites. The results show a positive association between sex role liberalism and self-efficacy for African-Americans and whites. This supports Hypothesis 5. The survey found African-Americans to have a similar relationship between sex role liberalism and self-efficacy, regardless of gender. Findings also showed inconsistency between white males and white females regarding sex role liberalism and self-efficacy. These findings support Hypothesis 6. Hypothesis 7 looks into the mother's employment status, which potentially influences self-efficacy. However, the findings of the survey did not support a positive relationship between mother's full time employment status and level of self-efficacy. Hypothesis 8 suggests households with a single mother family will produce lower self-efficacy among men. The findings of this survey did not offer significant support of this hypothesis. The findings of this survey offer insight into sex role attitudes, race, and their effects on self-efficacy.

The second article, Re-thinking the decline in trust: A comparison of black and white Americans, by Rima Wilke, discusses the methods and findings of a survey in the General Social Survey. This survey sought to find an explanation for the decrease in trust, focused on the differences in responses between black and white respondents. The data in focus came from data in the 1972-2008 General Social Survey. This data was used to find support for the two suggested reasons for the decrease in trust. The first reason would be the different trust levels across different generations. The second reason looks at period effects, including outside experiences and population changes as a whole. The data used to support these suggested reasons is looked at through various models, including cross-classified random effects models, and mixed models. The models considered age (classified by separate cohorts), levels of trust, period effects, and demographics.

            The findings of the first two models show a decline in trust that can be attributed to period effects. Respondents born in later cohorts tend to be less trusting. Model 3 shows a significant impact of education and race on trust. Model 4 reveals a pattern in which a decline in trust for whites is apparent, where no apparent decline is recognized for blacks. Overall the findings of these models showed variability in the responses of white Americans and little to no variability in black Americans for all variables tested.

Virus-free. www.avast.com

Efficacy and Trust

Karina Cardona 410

Re-thinking the decline in trust: A comparison of black and white Americans, Wilkes, R. (2011).

Americans trust with one another has been decreasing over the past years. There is significant difference with the trust black Americans have with one another and white Americans. Majority of black respondents resulted to have less trust and has decreased over the past generations. The older generations were shown to be more trusting than the new generations. Both sides of the respondents had a larger trust rate when born between 1920s and 1940s. The following years that came young adults began to not trust as the previous born. Young adulthood impacts the new generations due to high impact events, different beliefs, and  attitudes. These events affects them which can completely change the way they think and act as they grow older. Researchers show how those put through the civil rights movement have a absence in trust. The trust in white American is said to decrease within the years and for black Americans trust would stay similar. A method the authors use to demonstrate the differences in trust was with the use of cross-classified random effects models. This study, researches the generations and period effects. This allows the researcher to compare relative importance of period effects, and cohort.

Race and gender differences in self-efficacy: Assessing the role of gender role attitudes and family background, Buchanan, T., & Selmon, N. (2008)

Gender roles in every family are different. The way parents raise their children impacts  them in every way, playing a huge roll. Researchers are focusing on how African American families lives are comparable to the self-efficiency of whites. They mention how many African American families face difficult times in life than whites. Majority of African American women are working twice as hard than a white women that is dependent to a husband. Many African American women are head of household. It is said that they are also less likely to be married, and less likely to be dependent of a man than white women. Methods of this were used based on the classes in the university targeted. Those in general education classes were a better hit since a larger ethnic group is presented. The researchers removed those who were older than 25 to analyze the race and gender differences of similar life expectancies. Only focusing in those of white or African American backgrounds. Majority of the respondents were freshmen with mothers who worked full time.

Bounmy Xiong

Bounmy Xiong, 397 words

Soc 111

MW:1PM

For this article, it starts off talking about the new change dealing with the criminal justice system such as increasing the number of police, harsh sentences for drug offenses and long- term prison for those who have repeated crimes. The amount of money used back in 1970 has increased up to 2 million as of today. Whites tend to be the ones who would spend more money on reducing crime compared to other races and minorities. There has been a debate going on whether to be harsher on reducing crimes, but little do they know it has been creating other problems as well. Some problems that have occurred are African Americans being watched more closely and when some people are release from prison they find it difficult to adapt back to their communities. The methods of the article are data from a general social survey (GSS). It also talks about whether more money should be spent more on reducing crime and how whites who lived near blacks fear more crime and they are more likely to spend more. The results of this shows that whites believe that blacks are more prone to violence. The second table shows that the violence that was done by Blacks has increase to 28% and it was in favor on spending more money to reduce crime. Overall, whites who have prejudice views on African American tend to favor spending more money to reduce crime.

The second article focuses on deportation for undocumented immigrants. Some people fear that immigrants are a threat to the economy and assume that they are the effect on wages. It is known to be an arguable and conflicted topic because they are some who doesn't want deportation to happen and there are some who wants it to happen. There are many different views on this topic and how it was asked for a public opinion. Those who have prejudice views on Hispanics are those who are less likely for them to stay. People prejudice shape who they are and their opinions about other race. The results of the public opinion show that those who wanted deportation to happen was a small amount. The methods of the article is from SCSHI which is a national opinion survey which had responses about the beliefs and attitudes on deportation. The results showed that only about 27% was in favor of deportation.

 

Bounmy Xiong 

Bounmy Xiong

Bounmy Xiong, 418 words

Soc 111

MW:1PM

In the article Race and Gender differences, not much is known about the role of race and gender and the disadvantages for each. Self-efficacy is where an individual can reach where they want to be. According to the individual analysis of race and gender, most African American women tend to be more independent compared to white women. In gender attitudes, African American women are more tolerant and liberal. The social cognitive theory talks about how it plays a role for both genders. As parents play a role in influencing their children, self-efficacy can have a stronger influence on them and shape their perceptions as they grow up. The methods in this article is data from a sample of educational class. Self-efficacy between male and female shows that males had the highest self-efficacy than female. Self-efficacy can also play a role in family structure. In the methods, the questions ask whether they are a self-reliant person or they try again if they are unable to succeed at first. Some of the questions deal with race and gender and focuses on one question which talks about whether it is fine if the men work and the women stay home. The results of this is that self-efficacy depends on one's race.

            The next article talks about deportation within Hispanics and Latinos. At the beginning of the article, it talks about how Americans aren't that trustful today than before. Back in the day, trust was not an issue because it was around the time where nothing bad happen and you can leave your house unlock while you went to the store. Today, you can't trust anyone because it's not safe to walk around by yourself or even to walk at night. As each period change, trust is starting to decrease after one another and it's to a certain point where attitudes about other race plays into it as well. As the population increase, technology is increasing as well, wealth inequality, and modernization. The methods of this article are from the GSS and it is a random sample of a non-institutionalizes population. Another data is from the cross-classified random effect model which measures the trend changes. The results of this is at an individual age their trust tend to increase. In the second model, it focuses on the demographic characteristics and how whites are more trusted than blacks. Overall, not only does it have to do with the race gap, but it also reflects off the different periods for the groups as well.

Bounmy Xiong 

ELICIA CARRILLO

            Elicia Carrillo

566 Words

 

The article, Why Whites Favor Spending More Money to Fight Crime: The Role of Racial Prejudice, intends to determine whether there exists a link between racial prejudice and the perspective that the criminal justice system needs more money to fight crime. To unveil a potential relationship, the researchers reference the 2000 General Social Survey. They center on the view of White Americans, specifically data provided by non-Hispanic White respondents. Initially, research began with 2,098 respondents, but was reduced to over 300 respondents within the sample size due to views on crime expenses, racial stereotypes and because of missing data. The dependent variable was whether the respondent thought that "Spending on halting the rising crime rate" is "too little, about right" or "too much. Those who believed "too little" was spent on crime ultimately felt that more money should be spent to reduce crime levels. This view defined the options. The article also noted that these responses did not indicate how much should be spent, or a precise value, but rather more or little should be spent. The independent variable that researchers focused on was particularly racial stereotyping about black violence. The question asked in the GSS was "Do the people in the following groups (whites, Jews, Blacks, Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans) tend to be violence prone or do they tend not to be prone to violence?" Options for responses were recoded on a numerical scale from 1 (=nonviolent) to 7 (=violent).

            After analyzing the data, researchers determined that Whites who believe that African Americans are more violent are likely to seek and support more funding for crime., The results indicate that the relationship is linked to White people who are most racially prejudiced. Thus, there is a definite role of racial prejudice. This prejudice, however, does not apply to Asian Americans or Hispanic Americans. Only Blacks. Specifically, those who are perceived to be inherently violent. Another important result of the findings is that Whites' are likely to favor increasing crime spending when Blacks are violent, but not when Whites' are violent. This further supports the idea that racial stereotyping against Blacks by White people influences whether they will favor more money spent on crime.

 

            The article, White Public Opinion toward Undocumented Immigrants: Threat and Interpersonal Environment, seeks to discover the opinions towards immigration by Whites in 1996 and 2004 and explain why support for undocumented immigrants varies by each year. The research utilizes data from the GSS, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the U.S. Census. From the GSS, researchers observe the results of the question: "How much do you agree or disagree with the following statement? America should take stronger measures to exclude illegal immigrants." Response options were on a 5-point scale from "agree strongly" to "disagree strongly." The primary independent variable referenced were theories of group threat. The sample size was limited to individuals who identified as White, 980 respondents in 1996 and 875 in 2004.

            The results indicated that White people were more critical of immigrants in 1996 than 2004. When comparing the percentages of the two years, fear of immigrants decreased. This could be credited to the growing presence of the Latino population in 2004. This is a concept defined by the contact principle. This is the belief that if as a society, we hope to establish more trust and less prejudice among races, society must expose themselves to immigrants and different cultures. Community demographic has to change to eliminate the fear of what is unknown.

Khou Yang

Khou Yang, 493 words

Soc 111 

MW:1PM

In the first article, it talks about whether money should be spent more on crime. The article starts off by talking about how there are new changes that pertain to the criminal justice system such as the number of police, drug offenses getting sentence and a long term in prison. The amount of money spent on enforcing crime has increased from 1970 to today. In the article, it talks about how whites are more likely to spend more money on crime and they tend to when there is different race who moves into their neighborhood. Some may want more money spent on crime, but there are also problems that are created as well and makes under races be the one to take the hit such as African Americans having to be supervised or those who are being released are having a hard time adapting back to their communities. These are some of the problems that occur when trying to spend so much money on fixing crime. These opinions are heard from the public and it doesn't really change much because it is mostly white people who want to spend more money on crime. The methods and findings of this article is from the general social survey (GSS). It asks whether more money should be spent on crime. In neighborhoods. Whites tend to be fear more of crime when they live near blacks and they are most likely to spend more on crime. The results show that in the first table whites thinks that "blacks are more prone to violence." The second table show that the percentage of the public saying violence is done by blacks is 20% and the public is willing to spend more money to reduce crime. Overall, it shows that whites who had prejudicial views on African American tend to favor spending more money on crime. 

The next article talks about public support on deportation. It is one of the most conflicted and arguable topic and how the public want to enforce immigration laws and the control of the borders. It is an ongoing debate because some feel that immigrants shouldn't be able to stay because they are illegal. Many families are being torn apart because ICE is finding undocumented immigrants and sending them back to their own countries such as Hispanics. Some are undocumented immigrants who are staying here on a visa and when they are forced to return back to their homeland, it rips the hearts of their families because they are not able to be with their loved ones due to their citizenship. The methods and findings of the article is SCSHI which is a national public opinion survey. The responses are about the public attitudes and beliefs on deportation. It is also weighed with the 2008 census. The results of this shows that 27% thinks that Hispanics and Latinos should be deported and 32% say that they should be able to stay on a work permit. 

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Khou Yang

Khou Yang

Khou Yang, 497 words 

Soc 111 MW 1PM 

In the first article, it talks about race and gender differences and how self-efficacy plays a role in how an individual push themselves to be were they want to be. The article "Race and Gender differences in self-efficacy: Assessing the role of gender role attitudes and family background", Tom Buchanan talks about how self-efficacy consists of an individual analysis upon gender and race and how African American women tend to be more independent compared to white women. In the article, it talks about how African American women tend to be more liberal and tolerant depending on their gender attitudes. The Social Cognitive theory talks about both of the gender roles such as when both parents are at home and they are doing household duties. It creates an impact on the children because they may think about their own future gender roles or from vicarious experience. Even at home if the parents were to help out one another with the duties around the house, it doesn't mean that men can't do the same things as women because simple household duties can also be done as well. The methods of this article are data from a sample of educational classes and a large representative group of student population. There are questions asking about whether they are a self-reliant person, or they try until they can complete a task. It also goes on to ask whether women should be the one who stays home while the men work. The results of this is that self-efficacy on gender depends on one's race.

The next article "Re-thinking the decline in trust: A comparison of black and white Americans." Rima Wilkes talks about how today trusting others is less than before. Back in the 1960s, trust was higher around WWII since its was the long civic generation. Since the population started increasing and the development of technology such as television, wealth inequality, and modernization trust started to be on the same level for whites and African American. Even though trust between different races are different, now a day it is not so safe to go to the store and leave your house unlock because this generation things are different and there are so much bad things that can happen such as burglary or theft. The methods of this article are data from the GSSS. It is a random sample of a non-institutionalized population and it consists of three questions asking about trusting others or not being able to trust others. The cross-classified rand effect model (CCREMS) is used to study the different generation and period and how trust has changed. The findings on this article shows that at an individual age, the trust tends to increase in model 1. According to model 2, it starts to focus on the demographic characteristics and how whites are considered to be trusted more than blacks. In the end, it doesn't only have to deal with the race gap, but the different periods and generation as well.

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Khou Yang

lorena andade efficacy/trust essay

Lorena Andrade

Word Count: 596

Efficacy/Trust

The article, Rethinking the Decline in Trust: A Comparison of Black and White Americans, by Rima Wilkes, the author talks about how now many more Americans claim to not have much trust for other people. Unlike in the 1960's more Americans said that they had more trust in one another. Two of the main factors that support this is generational replacement and period effects. For example, period effect is a factor to this because of there being television. Televisions made people spend more time alone and less time socializing. Another reason to this was because of inequality among both races. The generational effect is because of the time the people were born in. For example, the study conducted showed how people that were born between early 1900's and mid 1900's showed to be more trusting with others. Unlike the people born after, they showed to be less trusting. Although it was reported that these individuals developed new ways when it came to trusting others. For example, they were mainly influenced by events in history that made a big impact. Another finding from this research was how some argued that civil movements were a major impact of how much people trusted. In the other hand, others said that civil movements weren't an impact on them at all. Among both races the results came out to be that there was a great gap between Whites trusting than there was with Black trusting others. Meaning that more Whites claimed to be less trusting than there was Blacks. Even though it was reported that still Blacks were more trusting, the results showed how Blacks tend to live in poverty, bad neighborhoods, and have bad jobs. Therefore, it was predicted that Blacks would be less trusting than Whites. Another finding from this research was how it was concluded that both races seem to be less trusting when they are going through something with great impact as a race. Over all the results came to be because of the methods used; which were generational and period effects.

Second article, Black Female Career Success: The Importance of a Career Plan, by Val Livingston. One of the ideas from the article was how Black women show to be strong, and hardworking individuals. They put in all the effort they can, but still seem to be below the White women. Basically, women in general are at great disadvantage for being women when it comes to having careers. Although, women are at a great limitation, Black women are still at greater disadvantage compared to White women in their careers because Black women are the minorities. The method used for this research was that Black women who are part of the National Conference of Minority Public Administrators were mailed a survey, and the survey was about valuing career plans. For example, whether a career desired need more schooling, training, degrees etc. From the survey conducted the researchers were also able to find what positions the women had. For example, if there had a regular working position, managers, or what companies they worked for. The first three questions asked from the survey didn't have a great impact. Unlike the other questions were the age group was mid 40's-early 50's with a management position, where they were stable with their position. For further information, the other group targeted was mid 20's where they were regular staff. One thing that was mentioned in the article was how some positions were changed between 3-5 years. Over all, the article mentioned how there was some findings where there was no significant correlation.  

 

Juliana Sanchez Prejudice Quiz

Juliana Sanchez, 401 Words

            Prejudice is an issue that remains ever-present especially with the political climate of the United States. But there are far more people than politicians in this country and it is important to study the prejudice that exists as a society. For the article titled "Pubic Support for Hispanic Deportation in the United States: The Effects of Ethnic Prejudice and Perceptions of Economic Competition in a Period of Economic Distress" by Arthur Cosby et al., the researches asked 1,510 respondents of a representative sample if they believed that immigration should be increased, decreased, or if it should stay the same. They also asked if they thought that immigrants should be allowed to stay permanently, stay temporarily on a work permit, or go home. They also asked if they thought immigrants were a threat to our culture, their impact on the economy, along with other questions. The results showed that respondents almost doubled in support (from 27% to 51%) of deportation from the year 2006 to 2009. In 2008 there was the Great Recession, and the lack of support for immigrants can be seen as a competition between groups for available resources. The support for immigrants to stay permanently dropped from 32% to 11% following the recession. African Americans and Hispanics were the groups that were most likely to support temporary permits and also supported permanent status. The higher the education an individual had the least likely they were to favor permanent status. Prejudice also exists in schools. For the study titled "Modern Racism on Campus: A Survey of Attitudes and Perceptions" by Sydell and Nelson, 124 students were asked 63 multiple choice questions and one free response question through a scantron that asked questions about race and their perceptions. Questions included how lazy they thought a particular race was, how discriminatory they were, and how much the race separated itself from others. The results showed that 91% of the respondents thought Blacks remained medium to high separation from others while 68% thought that Whites did the same. Race was significant in respondents thinking that either race caused tension while 46% of Blacks thought that blacks had average racism while 59% thought that Whites had more than average racism. The respondents were asked if they ever received racial discrimination from a Black person and 34% of Blacks said yes while 61% of Whites said yes. When asked if they ever received discrimination from a White person 91% of blacks said yes while 11% of Whites answered the same. Blacks were also more likely to answer that discrimination has increased rather than decreased. Overall, it appears that Blacks face more prejudice and discrimination that those of other races.

Juliana Sanchez Trust/Efficacy Quiz

                                                            Juliana Sanchez, 407 Words

The trust that people have on their government, police, and community members can give great insight into how they all work together as a society. In the article titled "Race and Gender Differences in Self-efficacy: Assessing the Role of Gender Role Attitudes and Family Background" by Buchanan and Selmon, the authors attempt to find the link between race gender and self-efficacy. The research was conducted on 486 undergraduate students that were asked whether they strongly disagreed, disagreed, neither disagreed or agreed, agreed, or strongly agreed to statements about how self-efficient they thought they were. The same scale was used for questions regarding sex-role liberalism, such as if a woman should work or be a housewife and should men take more responsibility in the duties of the home. The results showed that self-efficacy in males is positively correlated to the presence of having a mother that worked full-time. For females and Blacks there was a positive correlation for sex-role liberalism and self-efficacy. In the case of Blacks there was also a positive correlation between self-efficacy and if the mother worked full-time. Those raised in households where the mother worked full-time may have higher degrees of self-efficacy. For the article titled "The Corrosive Effect if Acculturation: How Mexican Americans Lose Political Trust" by Michelson, the researchers attempt to analyze the trust that Mexican-Americans have on the government and what could possibly be the reason for a lack of trust. They surveyed people from 40 metropolitan areas around the United States and asked first, how much they trusted the government officials to do what is right, and if they believed the government was in the best interest of a few people or for all. To test for their assimilation, they asked about language use, preferred social media language, and social interactions. To test for competition, they asked about discrimination experiences. The results showed that 43% of Mexican Americans believed that the government was doing what is right only some of the time and 50% believed that they were in the interest for some not all. Overall the data shows that those that are more assimilated to Anglo culture may feel the pressure to be anti-government in order to fit in. Those that feel discriminated may also have anti-government sentiment due to being angry that the government does nothing to prevent discrimination from happening. Trust and efficacy can give great insight as to how they play a role in the lives of people from different races.

Crystal Medrano

                                                                                                                             Crystal Medrano

                                                                                                                                       596 words

Food Insecurity And Low Self Efficacy Are Associated With Health Care Access Barriers Among Puerto Ricans With Type 2 Diabetes

The study, approved by the University of Connecticut's IRB, Hartford Hospital and the Hispanic Health Council, aimed to examine if there was an autonomous relationship between food insecurity and accessing health care among Puerto Rican female adults with type 2 diabetes. A cross sectional survey was conducted on 211 low income individuals through the DIALBEST and Metabolic Syndrome Clinic at Hartford Hospital from December 2006 to February 2009. To participate, individuals needed to sign a written consent and qualify, based on some requirements. The mean age of participants was 56. The survey was led at the participant's home and interviewers were bilingual because 66% of participants only spoke Spanish. Blood samples were collected by the DIALBEST during the 3 years and participants were given $10 compensation each time an interview and blood draw occurred.

            The questionnaire gave participants phrases that asked about the barriers that get in the way of intaking medication, doctor-access, lack of understanding, insurance, referrals, transportation, finances and forgetfulness; serving as dependent variables. As independent variables, socio-economic/demographic, psychosocial, cultural, clinical, perception of diabetes and self-efficacy variables were controlled to find any associations.

When analyzing, food insecurity was a major factor of medication accessibility, forgetfulness and enabling factors. Findings showed Puerto Ricans lacking good health insurance, blocked accessible care from a doctor and medication. Findings also revealed, high acculturations experienced more facilitated barriers. Moreover, individuals with high social support, better managed their diabetes and those with less support lacked management, associating it with the doctor access barrier. Those with high diabetes management and self-efficacy experienced none of the 4 barriers. Low education led to low medication access barriers and those with higher education reported risk of depression, due to low social support. Older age was a factor of forgetfulness and high diabetes perceptions was associated with high motivation of participants to care for themselves.

Race and Gender Differences in Self-efficacy: Assessing the Role of Gender Role Attitudes and Family Background

The focus of the study was to explore the influence of gender role attitudes and family structures on self-efficacy among African American and white female and males. It is argued that race does have an influence on self-efficacy, as well as hypothesized that those having high gender role attitudes would lead to a sense of high self-efficacy, which this study aimed to figure out. To gather data, a representative of college students, in 20 classes at a Middle South university were surveyed. The sample had 486 freshman students who were about 20 years old. The study consisted of 8 hypothesis that measured the relationship between race and gender interactions and relationships with self-efficacy development, liberal gender attitudes, perceptions of roles and expectations, sex role liberalism, the relationship between males and females living with single mothers and family/work structures in the home.

Results from the study found that sex role liberalism in white females highly relates to self-efficacy, in which family structure and work plays a role. We could see that the work status of mothers was a factor for whites and their self-efficacy development. It was observed that white females had mothers that partially worked or didn't work at all, and black female's mothers worked full time, which could explain the different social impacts. Also, gender role attitudes were strongly related to the self-efficacy of AA female, males and white females, excluding white males. Moreover, when it came to the AA males, they didn't have more traditionalism than whites, like past research suggested. This finding showed that African males had high self-efficacy when they practiced open gender role attitudes and engaging in liberal attitudes would help them adjust to situations and open families, as well as not affect their self-efficacy.

Alonzo Cason Prejudice Quiz

Alonzo Cason Trust and Efficacy

Prejudice Quiz

Richard James

 

Prejudice Quiz

Public Support for Hispanic Deportation in the United States: The Effects of Ethnic Prejudice and Perceptions of Economic Competition in a Period of Economic Distress

 

The methods that were used in this study was the SCSHI which stands for Social Climate Survey of Hispanic Immigration (90). This survey occurred from February until March of 2009 (90).

 

In terms of race, Hispanics are more likely to support both temporary and permanent options in relation to deportation (93). The permanent part didn't really shock me, but the support of temporary status rather than deportation shocked me. Just because this study was geared towards Hispanics, so when I read the article I was predicting that almost all would have said permanent status compared to temporary status. Just because the Hispanic community does do a lot for our communities and states. African-Americans are 51% less likely to support temporary status and are 39% more likely to support permanent status (93). I was also shocked that they didn't include how white people responded to this survey. I was shocked because I feel that white people would prove that there is a significant amount of ethnic prejudice in the economy and when the economy is going down the toilet.

            Political affiliation also played a significant part in determining whether or not an individual will support deportation, temporary status, or permanent status. Independents have a 45% likelihood for supporting temporary status (94). Democrats have a 74% likelihood of supporting permanent status (94). It was interesting that they didn't include people who associated themselves with the republican party. I mean it's obvious they are more conservative, but felt that if they would have included that party, that it would strengthen their hypothesis that ethnic prejudice does occur in the economy, and while the economy was going through a recession.

            Education played a part in determining whether or not someone of Hispanic background should be deported. People who have obtained a college degree or higher are three more times as likely to support the temporary status compared to non-high-school graduates (94). People who obtain a college degree or higher are less likely to support the permanent option (94). This really shocked me because all colleges and universities are filled with people who have different backgrounds in terms of race, religion, culture, social status, and many more. I would have thought that the higher level of education an individual obtains, the more support for permanent status would have been.

The Positive Consequences of Negative Stereotypes: Race, Sexual Orientation, and the Job Application Process

            The method that was used was an internet-based survey experiment from 418 respondents (81).

            Heterosexual black men on average received salary recommendations that were about $4200 lower than heterosexual white men (96). This didn't shock me because I believe salaries include that individual's seniority, experience, and that person's educational level. This also didn't shock me because equal pay doesn't really exist in my opinion.

            Gay black men did receive salary recommendations that were $7,000 higher than staright black males (86-87). This really shocked me. I would have felt that being openly gay would have caused a decrease in salary, even though that being a member of the LGBT community is starting to become more acceptable. I can honestly say that as an openly gay man I have been employed at my job for almost four years, I have out of all the cashiers the most seniority, and I also have my A.A. degree. I am the only person at my job who has a higher education level, and I make $11.25 an hour, while some others make $11.50-$11.75 who aren't managers. This survey also acknowledged that people perceive gay black men as less threatening than heterosexual black men.

Trust/ Efficacy

Kiana Medina, 535 words

In "Race and gender differences in self-efficacy: Assessing the role of gender role attitudes and family background," the method the researchers used was a convenience sample. This survey was done at a college in their assorted general education classes. The fact that they surveyed in general education courses means that this data comes from a wide array of students- from education majors to art majors to math majors, since general education is a foundation graduation requirement for most colleges. The sample size is 606 students from 20 general education courses, and after removing students the final sample size was comprised of almost 500 students. The responses they received consist of about 20% black women, about 10% black men, 25% white men, and 44% white women. They measured self efficacy by presenting statements and having students respond with a sliding scale from agree to disagree in varying degrees. They measured sex role liberalism by again presenting statements and having students respond with a sliding scale from agree to disagree in varying degrees. The statements reflected ideas of sex or gender roles in society. They measured work and family structure by asking respondents if they had a single mother household. They view family and work structure as very influential of the respondent's view of sex and gender roles as well as self efficacy. (Buchanan, Selmon, 2008)

Their results consist of females having a higher score on their view of sex role liberalism, meaning they have a more liberal view of gender roles in society. They also found that black respondents have a higher score on sex role liberalism than white respondents. In general, gender was significant to the respondents' self efficacy score and their sex role liberalism score. White men have higher self efficacy than white women, but black women have higher self efficacy than everyone overall. Black male respondents with a single mother household have a lower self efficacy, while for black women, having a single mother did not affect their self efficacy. For white respondents, women and men, having a working mother in the household gives them a higher chance of having a high self efficacy rate. The article contributes the higher self efficacy of black women to their single, full-time working mothers. (Buchanan, Selmon, 2008)

In "Re-thinking the decline in trust: A comparison of black and white Americans," they examine data from a yearly General Social Survey study from 1972-2008 of adult Americans. The study asks three questions regarding trust, all of which are in an either/or format. Employment, education, religion, gender, education, age, and race are measured. They found that levels of trust rise as the respondent gets older. White respondents overall have one point higher trust than black respondents. According to the article, trust varies from year to year because of wage disparities and other variables. There are also effects that change the level of trust from generation to generation as they get more and more cynical. Post-war whites are more trusting than the rest of the surveyed whites, and that time frame has no effect on trust in blacks. Generation overall has no effect on black respondent's trust. Education and whether the person lives in the South has a positive effect on white respondents' trust in the GSS. The direct effect of race on trust depends on the time-period and cohort, according to the article. (Wilkes, 2011)

Thank you,

Kiana Medina

kianaclalla@gmail.com

josie Renforth

                                                                                                                                                Josephine Renforth

                                                                                                                                    467 Words

Trust/Self-efficacy

In the article titled "Race and Gender Differences in Self-efficacy: Assessing the Role of Gender Role Attitudes and Family Background."  Researchers Tom Buchanon and Nikesha Selmon investigate three main hypothesis: 1.) because the study focuses on college students, there will be no difference in Self-efficacy between the races, as all of them are in college.  2.) African American females will  have higher self-efficacy than African American males. On the other hand, White males will be found to have higher self-efficacy than white females. And 3.) Females will have more liberal gener roles thenmales. And finally, the gender roles are related to self efficacy with the exception of white males, whose gender roles have changed the least over time.

The methods used in the study are as follows: The sample came from general education students in Southern United States college, a total of 606 students participated in the survey. The researchers removed students older then 25 or those who identied as mixed races or not being African American or White for a total of 432 students.  Using a Likert style scale and "Global Self-efficacy Questoinaire" the students were surveyed. The Global Self-efficacy scaled was combined with "Rotter Internal/external Control Scale" and "Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale" to corelate to responses of self efficacy.  Gender and Race were used a dummy variables.
The Findings:  The 2x2 MANOVA with sex, race, self-efficacy, and liberalism. Race and sex were predictors of role liberalism and self-efficacy. This supports the first hypothesis.  However, females are more liberal then males, and while males had lowrole liberalism results. For Whites, self-efficacy was found to be related to sex. Whereas with African Americans, the variable of working mothers increased females Self-efficacy.

The results deomonstrate that there is a positive correlation between Self-efficacy between gender and race, demonstrating African American women and White Males have the highest Self-efficacy, over their counter parts.  African men and women, and white women had more liberal "gender role liberalism, over white males.

 

In the study "Re-Thinking the decline in trust: A comparison of black and white Americans Rima Wilkes investigates generalized trust between Americans.  Race being the most importanct predictor social, policatical and generational factors are considered.
Datat a and measures: the data used is from 1972 – 2008 GSS.  Only races that were identified as "Black" or "White" were included in the sample.   Using a cross-classified random effect model to study the generations surveyed by the GSS.

 Running the data through four models the following results were revealed:  Whites are more trusting then blacks.  For age, the Post War, WWII, Korea, and Viet Nam and well as the 1990's generation were overall less trustion as a chort.   Education, demonstrated a correlation to trust.  Overall the trust levels for black Americans were found to be lower thatn white Americans.

Crystal Medrano

                                                                                                                  Crystal Medrano

                                                                                                                           598 Words

"Public Support for Hispanic Deportation in the US: The Effects of Ethnic Prejudice and Perceptions of Economic Competition in a Period of Economic Distress"

The article examined data from two surveys, the Pew Research Center in 2006 and the Social Climate Survey of Hispanic Immigration in 2009, which were conducted to understand the publics opinion about Hispanic deportation and immigration policy during economic pressure. SCSH was conducted in February and March of 2009, through computer assisted telephone interviewing techniques and random digit dialing sampling, with a sample of 1,510. The surveys were implemented to investigate how ethnic prejudice and economic stress can influence the support for undocumented Hispanics being deported. Questions focused on obtaining the publics opinion about policy actions that should be taken towards undocumented immigrants. They measured the publics opinions through three policy options- deportation, allowing immigrants to stay temporarily on a work permit and allowing them to stay permanently.  Also, questions asked about the effect that Hispanic immigrants have on the economy, measuring for ethnic prejudice and economic competition. Controlled variables such as age, employment, education, political party, etc., were used to see if there were any independent effects that could shape support for deportation.

When measuring for ethnic and economic competition, results showed a decrease in supporting "allowing immigrants to stay in the US permanently". With the race variable, Hispanics and blacks were more open to supporting permanent status to deportation. The higher educational variables were less likely to support permanent status, too. Political party preference in 2009, disclosed how most political groups supported deportation. There was a 30% increase supporting deportation from 2006 to 2009 (51%). The increased support and influence of the public related to the US being under economic stress, leading to fears of immigration during 2009. In all, results provided input the support of deportation, but data limitations caused inadequate estimates of policy preference.

"White Public Opinion Toward Undocumented Immigrants:  Threat and Interpersonal Environment"

The study examined the views of whites toward immigration in 1996 and 2004, by exploring data from the General Social Survey and Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data consisted of a probability sample of whites that were 18 or older and had a sample size of 980 in 1996 and 875 in 2004. Both surveys asked whites if they agreed or disagreed with America taking stronger measures to exclude undocumented immigrants and served as a dependent variable. Independent variables such as network age, race, family and education were used to test group threat, labor competition, intergroup contact and core social network theories to understand attitudes concerning immigrants. Percentages of Latinos measured labor competition and unemployment measured group threat and intergroup contact in white's residency. Control variables were used to find independent effects on white views of immigrants. When testing, a social network approach was used to identify any connection among intergroup relations and prejudice.

              Significantly, it was found that whites desired more action against immigrants in 1996 than in 2004, due to levels of unemployment, which was not noteworthy in 2004. In 2004, whites showed less support of those same actions because of their exposure to Latinos living in own communities. During this year there was a major increase of the Hispanic population, showing that having more intergroup interactions, will influence whites to be more accepting. Moreover, core networks, such as education, age, social networks also had an influence on white attitudes. It was observed that educated networks and contact with Latinos decreased the likelihood of favoring actions against immigrants. Hence, having older age interactions influenced whites to favor exclusion of immigrants. Specifically, this finding explains how white's attitudes are influenced not only by their own characteristics but also by their social contacts. Overall, it was understood that having smaller network affiliations have a greater influence on white's opinions of immigrants.