Efficacy and Trust

Karina Cardona 410

Re-thinking the decline in trust: A comparison of black and white Americans, Wilkes, R. (2011).

Americans trust with one another has been decreasing over the past years. There is significant difference with the trust black Americans have with one another and white Americans. Majority of black respondents resulted to have less trust and has decreased over the past generations. The older generations were shown to be more trusting than the new generations. Both sides of the respondents had a larger trust rate when born between 1920s and 1940s. The following years that came young adults began to not trust as the previous born. Young adulthood impacts the new generations due to high impact events, different beliefs, and  attitudes. These events affects them which can completely change the way they think and act as they grow older. Researchers show how those put through the civil rights movement have a absence in trust. The trust in white American is said to decrease within the years and for black Americans trust would stay similar. A method the authors use to demonstrate the differences in trust was with the use of cross-classified random effects models. This study, researches the generations and period effects. This allows the researcher to compare relative importance of period effects, and cohort.

Race and gender differences in self-efficacy: Assessing the role of gender role attitudes and family background, Buchanan, T., & Selmon, N. (2008)

Gender roles in every family are different. The way parents raise their children impacts  them in every way, playing a huge roll. Researchers are focusing on how African American families lives are comparable to the self-efficiency of whites. They mention how many African American families face difficult times in life than whites. Majority of African American women are working twice as hard than a white women that is dependent to a husband. Many African American women are head of household. It is said that they are also less likely to be married, and less likely to be dependent of a man than white women. Methods of this were used based on the classes in the university targeted. Those in general education classes were a better hit since a larger ethnic group is presented. The researchers removed those who were older than 25 to analyze the race and gender differences of similar life expectancies. Only focusing in those of white or African American backgrounds. Majority of the respondents were freshmen with mothers who worked full time.

Bounmy Xiong

Bounmy Xiong, 397 words

Soc 111

MW:1PM

For this article, it starts off talking about the new change dealing with the criminal justice system such as increasing the number of police, harsh sentences for drug offenses and long- term prison for those who have repeated crimes. The amount of money used back in 1970 has increased up to 2 million as of today. Whites tend to be the ones who would spend more money on reducing crime compared to other races and minorities. There has been a debate going on whether to be harsher on reducing crimes, but little do they know it has been creating other problems as well. Some problems that have occurred are African Americans being watched more closely and when some people are release from prison they find it difficult to adapt back to their communities. The methods of the article are data from a general social survey (GSS). It also talks about whether more money should be spent more on reducing crime and how whites who lived near blacks fear more crime and they are more likely to spend more. The results of this shows that whites believe that blacks are more prone to violence. The second table shows that the violence that was done by Blacks has increase to 28% and it was in favor on spending more money to reduce crime. Overall, whites who have prejudice views on African American tend to favor spending more money to reduce crime.

The second article focuses on deportation for undocumented immigrants. Some people fear that immigrants are a threat to the economy and assume that they are the effect on wages. It is known to be an arguable and conflicted topic because they are some who doesn't want deportation to happen and there are some who wants it to happen. There are many different views on this topic and how it was asked for a public opinion. Those who have prejudice views on Hispanics are those who are less likely for them to stay. People prejudice shape who they are and their opinions about other race. The results of the public opinion show that those who wanted deportation to happen was a small amount. The methods of the article is from SCSHI which is a national opinion survey which had responses about the beliefs and attitudes on deportation. The results showed that only about 27% was in favor of deportation.

 

Bounmy Xiong 

Bounmy Xiong

Bounmy Xiong, 418 words

Soc 111

MW:1PM

In the article Race and Gender differences, not much is known about the role of race and gender and the disadvantages for each. Self-efficacy is where an individual can reach where they want to be. According to the individual analysis of race and gender, most African American women tend to be more independent compared to white women. In gender attitudes, African American women are more tolerant and liberal. The social cognitive theory talks about how it plays a role for both genders. As parents play a role in influencing their children, self-efficacy can have a stronger influence on them and shape their perceptions as they grow up. The methods in this article is data from a sample of educational class. Self-efficacy between male and female shows that males had the highest self-efficacy than female. Self-efficacy can also play a role in family structure. In the methods, the questions ask whether they are a self-reliant person or they try again if they are unable to succeed at first. Some of the questions deal with race and gender and focuses on one question which talks about whether it is fine if the men work and the women stay home. The results of this is that self-efficacy depends on one's race.

            The next article talks about deportation within Hispanics and Latinos. At the beginning of the article, it talks about how Americans aren't that trustful today than before. Back in the day, trust was not an issue because it was around the time where nothing bad happen and you can leave your house unlock while you went to the store. Today, you can't trust anyone because it's not safe to walk around by yourself or even to walk at night. As each period change, trust is starting to decrease after one another and it's to a certain point where attitudes about other race plays into it as well. As the population increase, technology is increasing as well, wealth inequality, and modernization. The methods of this article are from the GSS and it is a random sample of a non-institutionalizes population. Another data is from the cross-classified random effect model which measures the trend changes. The results of this is at an individual age their trust tend to increase. In the second model, it focuses on the demographic characteristics and how whites are more trusted than blacks. Overall, not only does it have to do with the race gap, but it also reflects off the different periods for the groups as well.

Bounmy Xiong 

ELICIA CARRILLO

            Elicia Carrillo

566 Words

 

The article, Why Whites Favor Spending More Money to Fight Crime: The Role of Racial Prejudice, intends to determine whether there exists a link between racial prejudice and the perspective that the criminal justice system needs more money to fight crime. To unveil a potential relationship, the researchers reference the 2000 General Social Survey. They center on the view of White Americans, specifically data provided by non-Hispanic White respondents. Initially, research began with 2,098 respondents, but was reduced to over 300 respondents within the sample size due to views on crime expenses, racial stereotypes and because of missing data. The dependent variable was whether the respondent thought that "Spending on halting the rising crime rate" is "too little, about right" or "too much. Those who believed "too little" was spent on crime ultimately felt that more money should be spent to reduce crime levels. This view defined the options. The article also noted that these responses did not indicate how much should be spent, or a precise value, but rather more or little should be spent. The independent variable that researchers focused on was particularly racial stereotyping about black violence. The question asked in the GSS was "Do the people in the following groups (whites, Jews, Blacks, Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans) tend to be violence prone or do they tend not to be prone to violence?" Options for responses were recoded on a numerical scale from 1 (=nonviolent) to 7 (=violent).

            After analyzing the data, researchers determined that Whites who believe that African Americans are more violent are likely to seek and support more funding for crime., The results indicate that the relationship is linked to White people who are most racially prejudiced. Thus, there is a definite role of racial prejudice. This prejudice, however, does not apply to Asian Americans or Hispanic Americans. Only Blacks. Specifically, those who are perceived to be inherently violent. Another important result of the findings is that Whites' are likely to favor increasing crime spending when Blacks are violent, but not when Whites' are violent. This further supports the idea that racial stereotyping against Blacks by White people influences whether they will favor more money spent on crime.

 

            The article, White Public Opinion toward Undocumented Immigrants: Threat and Interpersonal Environment, seeks to discover the opinions towards immigration by Whites in 1996 and 2004 and explain why support for undocumented immigrants varies by each year. The research utilizes data from the GSS, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the U.S. Census. From the GSS, researchers observe the results of the question: "How much do you agree or disagree with the following statement? America should take stronger measures to exclude illegal immigrants." Response options were on a 5-point scale from "agree strongly" to "disagree strongly." The primary independent variable referenced were theories of group threat. The sample size was limited to individuals who identified as White, 980 respondents in 1996 and 875 in 2004.

            The results indicated that White people were more critical of immigrants in 1996 than 2004. When comparing the percentages of the two years, fear of immigrants decreased. This could be credited to the growing presence of the Latino population in 2004. This is a concept defined by the contact principle. This is the belief that if as a society, we hope to establish more trust and less prejudice among races, society must expose themselves to immigrants and different cultures. Community demographic has to change to eliminate the fear of what is unknown.

Khou Yang

Khou Yang, 493 words

Soc 111 

MW:1PM

In the first article, it talks about whether money should be spent more on crime. The article starts off by talking about how there are new changes that pertain to the criminal justice system such as the number of police, drug offenses getting sentence and a long term in prison. The amount of money spent on enforcing crime has increased from 1970 to today. In the article, it talks about how whites are more likely to spend more money on crime and they tend to when there is different race who moves into their neighborhood. Some may want more money spent on crime, but there are also problems that are created as well and makes under races be the one to take the hit such as African Americans having to be supervised or those who are being released are having a hard time adapting back to their communities. These are some of the problems that occur when trying to spend so much money on fixing crime. These opinions are heard from the public and it doesn't really change much because it is mostly white people who want to spend more money on crime. The methods and findings of this article is from the general social survey (GSS). It asks whether more money should be spent on crime. In neighborhoods. Whites tend to be fear more of crime when they live near blacks and they are most likely to spend more on crime. The results show that in the first table whites thinks that "blacks are more prone to violence." The second table show that the percentage of the public saying violence is done by blacks is 20% and the public is willing to spend more money to reduce crime. Overall, it shows that whites who had prejudicial views on African American tend to favor spending more money on crime. 

The next article talks about public support on deportation. It is one of the most conflicted and arguable topic and how the public want to enforce immigration laws and the control of the borders. It is an ongoing debate because some feel that immigrants shouldn't be able to stay because they are illegal. Many families are being torn apart because ICE is finding undocumented immigrants and sending them back to their own countries such as Hispanics. Some are undocumented immigrants who are staying here on a visa and when they are forced to return back to their homeland, it rips the hearts of their families because they are not able to be with their loved ones due to their citizenship. The methods and findings of the article is SCSHI which is a national public opinion survey. The responses are about the public attitudes and beliefs on deportation. It is also weighed with the 2008 census. The results of this shows that 27% thinks that Hispanics and Latinos should be deported and 32% say that they should be able to stay on a work permit. 

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Khou Yang

Khou Yang

Khou Yang, 497 words 

Soc 111 MW 1PM 

In the first article, it talks about race and gender differences and how self-efficacy plays a role in how an individual push themselves to be were they want to be. The article "Race and Gender differences in self-efficacy: Assessing the role of gender role attitudes and family background", Tom Buchanan talks about how self-efficacy consists of an individual analysis upon gender and race and how African American women tend to be more independent compared to white women. In the article, it talks about how African American women tend to be more liberal and tolerant depending on their gender attitudes. The Social Cognitive theory talks about both of the gender roles such as when both parents are at home and they are doing household duties. It creates an impact on the children because they may think about their own future gender roles or from vicarious experience. Even at home if the parents were to help out one another with the duties around the house, it doesn't mean that men can't do the same things as women because simple household duties can also be done as well. The methods of this article are data from a sample of educational classes and a large representative group of student population. There are questions asking about whether they are a self-reliant person, or they try until they can complete a task. It also goes on to ask whether women should be the one who stays home while the men work. The results of this is that self-efficacy on gender depends on one's race.

The next article "Re-thinking the decline in trust: A comparison of black and white Americans." Rima Wilkes talks about how today trusting others is less than before. Back in the 1960s, trust was higher around WWII since its was the long civic generation. Since the population started increasing and the development of technology such as television, wealth inequality, and modernization trust started to be on the same level for whites and African American. Even though trust between different races are different, now a day it is not so safe to go to the store and leave your house unlock because this generation things are different and there are so much bad things that can happen such as burglary or theft. The methods of this article are data from the GSSS. It is a random sample of a non-institutionalized population and it consists of three questions asking about trusting others or not being able to trust others. The cross-classified rand effect model (CCREMS) is used to study the different generation and period and how trust has changed. The findings on this article shows that at an individual age, the trust tends to increase in model 1. According to model 2, it starts to focus on the demographic characteristics and how whites are considered to be trusted more than blacks. In the end, it doesn't only have to deal with the race gap, but the different periods and generation as well.

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Khou Yang

lorena andade efficacy/trust essay

Lorena Andrade

Word Count: 596

Efficacy/Trust

The article, Rethinking the Decline in Trust: A Comparison of Black and White Americans, by Rima Wilkes, the author talks about how now many more Americans claim to not have much trust for other people. Unlike in the 1960's more Americans said that they had more trust in one another. Two of the main factors that support this is generational replacement and period effects. For example, period effect is a factor to this because of there being television. Televisions made people spend more time alone and less time socializing. Another reason to this was because of inequality among both races. The generational effect is because of the time the people were born in. For example, the study conducted showed how people that were born between early 1900's and mid 1900's showed to be more trusting with others. Unlike the people born after, they showed to be less trusting. Although it was reported that these individuals developed new ways when it came to trusting others. For example, they were mainly influenced by events in history that made a big impact. Another finding from this research was how some argued that civil movements were a major impact of how much people trusted. In the other hand, others said that civil movements weren't an impact on them at all. Among both races the results came out to be that there was a great gap between Whites trusting than there was with Black trusting others. Meaning that more Whites claimed to be less trusting than there was Blacks. Even though it was reported that still Blacks were more trusting, the results showed how Blacks tend to live in poverty, bad neighborhoods, and have bad jobs. Therefore, it was predicted that Blacks would be less trusting than Whites. Another finding from this research was how it was concluded that both races seem to be less trusting when they are going through something with great impact as a race. Over all the results came to be because of the methods used; which were generational and period effects.

Second article, Black Female Career Success: The Importance of a Career Plan, by Val Livingston. One of the ideas from the article was how Black women show to be strong, and hardworking individuals. They put in all the effort they can, but still seem to be below the White women. Basically, women in general are at great disadvantage for being women when it comes to having careers. Although, women are at a great limitation, Black women are still at greater disadvantage compared to White women in their careers because Black women are the minorities. The method used for this research was that Black women who are part of the National Conference of Minority Public Administrators were mailed a survey, and the survey was about valuing career plans. For example, whether a career desired need more schooling, training, degrees etc. From the survey conducted the researchers were also able to find what positions the women had. For example, if there had a regular working position, managers, or what companies they worked for. The first three questions asked from the survey didn't have a great impact. Unlike the other questions were the age group was mid 40's-early 50's with a management position, where they were stable with their position. For further information, the other group targeted was mid 20's where they were regular staff. One thing that was mentioned in the article was how some positions were changed between 3-5 years. Over all, the article mentioned how there was some findings where there was no significant correlation.